Volcanoes And Climate Change Today - 1660 Words

January 18, 2017, New England’s 1816 â€Å"Mackerel Year,† Volcanoes and Climate Change Today https://www.usgs.gov/news/new-england-s-1816-mackerel-year-volcanoes-and-climate-change-today A study was regulated by the USGS in regards to the large catches of mackerel by fishermen, a volcano eruption at Indonesia’s Mt. Tambora and climate change. The article explains that the eruption that occurred at Mt. Tambora over 200 years ago and the effects that it left at the Gulf of Maine that intertwined human-natural systems facing climate change. The study showed that the eruption in 1815 caused a long lasting extreme climate event in 1816 (which is also known as the year without a summer) that caused the Northern Hemisphere’s crops to fail.†¦show more content†¦The article also suggest that the northern hemisphere and the southern hemisphere are different in regards to climate changes. Lewis believes that the southern hemisphere is more likely to hav e an intermediate average summer with temperatures of 83 degrees and an average winter temperature of 78 degrees. This indicates that the climate here is similar year round and the only fact that keeps Sydney from ranking higher on the list is the fact that it is too wet of a place. 3. March 3, 2017, Monitoring Alaska’s Remote and Restless Bogoslof Volcano https://www.usgs.gov/news/monitoring-alaska-s-remote-and-restless-bogoslof-volcano A study conducted by the USGS was conducted in regards to the Bogoslof Volcano which is an active volcano that is located in the Aleutian Islands which is located just northwest of the Dutch Harbor. This volcano has had active eruptions in sequence since December of 2016. There has been numerous explosions from the volcano, which has shot ashes to altitudes soaring over 30,000 feet in the air. The area is a major fly zone for aircrafts and the ashes from the eruptions has caused jet engines to fail. The unknown is how long will these eruptions from the Bogoslof Volcano continue to erupt. Past events have occurred from the Bogoslof; the prior eruptions lasted from July 6, 1992 through July 24, 1992, therefore, this current eruptions had already surpassed the prior eruptions that occurred in 1992. However, theShow MoreRelat edEssay about Volcanic Eruptions and Global Climate Change1503 Words   |  7 PagesVolcanic Eruptions and Global Climate Change Abstract There has been much debate in recent decades over how much volcanic eruptions contribute to global climate change, the destruction of the ozone layer, and global warming. This electronic term paper deals with various sides of this debate. There will be a specific focus on the great nineteenth century eruptions of Tambora and Krakatoa. Table of Contents Introduction The Effects of Volcanoes on the Earth Systems in General The 18--Read MoreVolcanic Eruptions Can Have On The Ozone Layer1325 Words   |  6 Pagesyou tend to think about is car emissions or large nuclear power plants killing the ozone layer. However, you never think about natural causes of climate change such as solar activity or volcanic eruptions. Volcanic eruptions can impact global climate change drastically, and play a much larger role than expected. â€Å"Volcanic eruptions contribute to climate variability, but quantifying these contributions has been limited by inconsistencies in the timing† (Sigl, Winstrup, McConnell, Welten, PlunkettRead MoreWhat Does Global Warming Mean?797 Words   |  3 Pages Global Warming Have you ever asked yourself what does the global warming mean? What is it caused by? According to Dictionary.com global warming means, â€Å"An increase in the earths average atmospheric temperature that causes corresponding changes in climate and that may result from the greenhouse effect.† Svante Arrhenius, the Swedish chemist who coined the term of global warming in 1896 and launched the theory, says that the burning of fossil fuels will increase the amount of carbon dioxide in theRead MoreThe Theory Of Plate Tectonics769 Words   |  4 Pagesobserved, information about the ocean floor, ancient magnetism, distribution of volcanoes and earthquakes and heat flow from the earths core. There were early theories from Wegner’s continental drift which lacked an explanation for the mechanism that drove the continents apart, to Wilson’s more complete theory of the cyclical opening and closing of the ocean basins due to movement of the earth’s plates. The theor y explains how today s  continents  were once a large supercontinent that slowly drifted to theirRead MoreCause And Effect Of Climate Change Essay1220 Words   |  5 PagesCause and effects of Climate Change. General purpose: to inform. Specific purpose: After hearing my speech my audience will know what climate change is, what causes it and its effects now and in the future. Thesis Statement: Climate change is a very important issue that affects all of us. Organization pattern: Cause and effect. Introduction: I. (Attention-getter): How do you explain that 30 years ago we had a different weather than today? When you look at yourself in a dirty mirror; can you seeRead MoreClimate Change And Global Warming1433 Words   |  6 Pagescentury. Little changes in the average temperature of the Earth can result into big and possibly to dangerous shifts in climate and weather. Rising temperatures around the world have been accompanied by differences in weather and climate. 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According to the EPA, global warming refers to the recent and ongoing increase in the average global temperature (EPA). This increase is mostly caused by the amassed amounts of greenhouse gases or CO2 in the atmosphere. The CO2 or greenhouse gases get trapped within the atmosphere. Some CO2 in the atmosphere isn’t a bad thing; it allows for heat and sunlight to travel to Earth and helps keep Earth from going into a deep freeze period. But we can have too muchRead MoreThe Impact Of Volcanic Eruptions On The Earth s Climate System Essay1391 Words   |  6 Pagesimpacts of volcanic eruptions upon the earth’s climate system we have to consider occurrences both in the present and in the past. 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As Aurobindo’S Magnificent Defence Of Indian Culture Matters

As Aurobindo’s magnificent defence of Indian culture matters very much to us in another, much more important respect also – it is the corner-stone of his criticism of the Western Civilization. It could even be asserted that it is his incomparable mastery of India’s great cultural, philosophical and religious achievements – Vedas, Upanishads, religion, poetry, philosophy, painting, sculpture, Ramayana and Mahabharata, all of which Archer rejects as a repulsive mass of unspeakable barbarism in one wholesale condemnation, that enabled him to see the West for what it is – aggressive, material, utilitarian, predatory, inhumanly selfish and unspiritual. One could not agree more with Peter Heehs when he states, â€Å"this return to the religion of his†¦show more content†¦The very purpose of the book thus inevitably leads him to make a detailed study of the West, its values, its successes and failures, its chosen directions, its ruling passions a nd self-destructive interests and impulses. His thorough study of the West, which involves understanding, mastering and value-judging with high and rigorous standards, makes him question its very foundations – science and reason, the so-called solid foundations. Sri Aurobindo shows how Archer, being a rationalist through and through, identifies civilization with the cult and practice of the materialistic reason because of which he denies India to be civilized, and declares her greatest past achievements – the Upanishads, the Vedanta, Buddhism, Hinduism, ancient Indian art and poetry a mass of barbarism, the vain production of a persistently barbaric mind. He also explains how incomprehension of deeper things, along with distaste for them, is a rule with Archer, but nevertheless takes pains to answer him, because, he finds in him a typical Westerner who, taking advantage of the present material downfall of India and her prostrate condition, tries to persuade the world t hat she had never any strength and virtue in her. Sri Aurobindo’s The Foundations of Indian Culture would be exceedingly rewarding

Federal Aviation Agency Essay Example For Students

Federal Aviation Agency Essay Topic: Federal Aviation AgencyScope: SafetyIn deciding which regulated industry to research, we wanted to pick one with plenty of information and one that was reasonably interesting to us. So, we have chosen to research the air transportation industry and the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). We will be reporting on the types of FAA regulations the air transportation industry must adhere to. In addition to this, we will be explaining how compliance with these regulations is measured. Along the way, we will discuss legal controversies the aviation industry has encountered in meeting, or failing to meet, FAA regulations and standards. Finally, from the perspective of both the agency and the industry, we will look at the purpose and success of the regulations put forth by the FAA on the airline industry. Let us start with some background information about the Federal Aviation Administration.The FAA is part of an even bigger government agency called the Department of Transportation. The FAA can be found under the DOT, along with many other agencies such as The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA), to name a few. The FAA was created in 1958 and was born out of the Civil Aeronautics Administration. Since then, the FAA has been responsible for regulating all types of air travel in the United States. From small, one-engine planes, to large passenger planes and everything in between, any type of air travel is under the jurisdiction of the FAA. The duties of the FAA will be further discussed in section one. Section two deals with hijacking. Section three deals with pilot licensure. The fourth and final section deals with airport noise and noise abatement. FAA Basic OutlineThe Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), which was formally known as the Federal Aviation Agency, was created in 1958 under the Federal Aviation Act. In 1967, the Department of Transportation Act was passed joining the aviation agency into the Department of Transportation. The Federal Aviation Administration has many duties and responsibilities. Under the Federal Aviation Act, they are responsible for the following:1.Regulate and promote air commerce and safety, as well protect the national defense;2.Create and regulate air space safely and efficiently, for both civilian and military purposes;3.Developing Aircrafts in the interest of science, to further innovation and safety;4.Collect Research and development in regards to air navigation facilities and safety;5.Installing and operating air navigation facilities;6.Developing a common standard for air traffic control and navigation for civil and military purposes;7.Developing and implementing programs to control aircraft noise, and other environment causes;Safety regulation is one of the most important and primary jobs of the FAA. The FAA is responsible for suing, enforcing, and regulating safety standards. They are also responsible for setting minimum standards for aircraft operation and maintenance. Al l the minimum standards for flight operation, and maintenance are located in the Airworthiness Inspectors Handbook. The FAA also creates rates and certifications for people that work, and use aircrafts. Another job of the Federal Aviation Administration is to manage air traffic safety. This task is done by creating and operating a large network of traffic control towers, air route traffic control centers and flight service stations facilities. In order to create such a large network, the agency maintains voice and data communication equipment, radar facilities, computer systems and visual display equipment with all the towers, stations and control centers. Research, Development and Engineering activities of the FAA provide for systems, procedures, facilities, that help for safe and efficient systems of air navigation and air traffic control for civilian and military aircrafts. The research provides for support and development for improved aircraft engines, propellers, and appliances. The research done however is not just limited to the aircraft, they also use help in aeromedical research. Aeromedical research provides knowledge for health and safety of agency employees and civilians. The FAAs major job is the development and incorporation of air traffic controls. Under the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 the agency was required to promote aviation safety and civil aviation by exchanging aeronautical information with foreign authorities. The information exchanged varies from certifying foreign repair stations, aviators, and mechanics to FAA standards. They also negotiate bilateral agreements for airworthy aircraft and components. The last activity that the FAA is responsible for is based on miscellaneous activities. Some of the most common miscellaneous activities deal primary with administering aviation insurance, and maintain aircraft loan programs. They also develop specific aeronautical charts, publish information dealing with airports and planes, and provide as the executive administration for the operation and maintenance of the Department of Transportation. Growth of the FSIA ands its Incorporation into Hijacking TortsAirline hijacking, also known as skyjacking, first occurred in the United States on May 1, 1961. This first episode dealt with a man who forced a commercial airliner in route to Miami to detour to Cuba. By the end of the year, four more planes had succumbed to this devastating new plague. While most of the earlier hijackings were non-violent and more profit driven, as the times changed, both economically and politically, so did the hijackers values for a more violent approach. A more destructive and dangerous wave of hijackings started appearing in Europe and the Middle East from 1968 onward. The newer breed of hijackers were more politically motivated and wanted more the destruction of the plane rather than any sort of ransom claim. Approximately $50 million dollars in damages and destruction was caused just within a 2-year span. This breed of hijackers created a global scare, and led to the creation of the Federal Aviation Administration in the United States. The FAA created mandatory safety requirements and procedures for airlines, airports, and employees. The FAA rules and procedures that deal directly with Hijacking are located in Chapter 7 section 1-5. These rules greatly helped decrease the amount of air traffic accidents and made airline transportation safer. The problem however was the inevitable fact that no matter how secure, or how many polices that were posted by the FAA, there was always to be a few cases of hijackers who manage to slip by the system. In order to fix this problem, or at least provide further remedy, the FAA helped amend new legislation making it possible for an individual to bring suit for money damages against a foreign state for personal injury or death caused by a state-sponsored terrorist act. This new amended legislation, Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act (FSIA), created a block against terrorists interested in purely economic and political gains through the seizing and re-distribution of international gov ernment land to the victims of the crime. This amended act, according to many experts, was one of the most controversial and most important laws created in the efforts to curb hijacking. The Foreign Immunities Act, however, went through a radical change to finally accept the new amended rules. Primarily, the act was based upon the notion of par non habet in parem imperium, which means an equal has no authority over an equal. This doctrine forbid any sovereign country from exercising jurisdiction over another state. This approach was first created in 1812 with the Schooner Exchange v McFaddon case. In this case, Justice Marshall stated that absolute sovereignty would require there to be no limitations imposed by the outside with free quality and absolute independence. This view of total independence was shortly outlived with the United States markets opening to more international markets. As the market started to become more global, the courts started moving away from totally sovereignty to more of an interpretive approach. In the cases of Ex parte Repulic of Peru and Republic of Mexico v Hoffman the Court created precedent to use a deference policy. This policy gave the State Department the ability to determine whether a foreign sovereign state was amendable to suit.However, this precedent created only more confusion as to when a state would receive immunity and when it would be denied. The confusion and inconsistency of the State Departments decisions in the sovereign immunity matter led to the Tate Letter. Part of the reason why the State Department was so inconsistent was because of all the diplomatic influences given. One of the most influential cases used to show the unfair power of diplomatic pressure was Isbrandsten Tankers, Inc v President of India. In this case, the government of India owned a large group of shipping vessels carrying grains to India as part of a massive food-shortage campaign. Through some misunderstanding or wrong doing, Isbrandsten Tankers filed suit against the Indian government in the United States District Court in New York.The Indian government claimed sovereignty and the District Court of appeals ended the case. The Isbrandsten Tanker did not have any possible financial way out. There was an outcry from the general public to create a fair standard to protect the people. In 1971 Jack Tate, the legal advisor to the State Department, wrote the Tate letter to further clarifying the requirements by implementing a restrictive theory of sovereign immunity. The restrictive theory stated that even though foreign states are immune to United States jurisdiction, there are exemptions that allow legal action to take place. The initial restrictive theory created the following exemptions: 1) Commercial Activity; 2) waiver of immunity; 3) property claims; 4) noncommercial torts occurring in the United States; and 5) International agreements. The Tate Letter also believed that the executive branch was not qualified to make legal decisions regarding immunity, and therefore believed the courts should be responsible for this task. The ability to sue for torts created by public non-commercial parties, however, was very debatable and was always in judicial limbo. However, the country was taking its first epic judicial step to destroying the immortal defense of sovereignt y used by other countries. For roughly around 20 years, the infamous Tate letter and the recommendations given by it were welcomed open-handedly. However during the 1990s two important cases, Saudi Arabia v Nelson and Smith v Socialist Peoples Libyan Arab Jamhiriya, along with the increase in terrorism made it clear that the FAA needs to change and modify the FSIA to make it more open to the victims rights. In 1983, Scott Nelson, an American, was hired into the King Faisal Specialist Hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. After approximately one year of work, Nelson discovered safety defects in the hospitals oxygen lines that created a very serious fire hazard. After advising the Hospital officials, the Saudi government arrested him and transported him to a Saudi Jail, where he was beaten and tortured for 39 days. It wasnt until Senator Edward Kennedy made a personal request did the Saudi government free him. In 1989 Nelson filed suit against the Saudi Government for damages against the Saudi Government, the Hospital in Riyadh, and Royspec, the hiring company for the Hospital. Nelson however was forced to file the lawsuit under the commercial activity exception of the FSIA because of the FSIA had very narrow exceptions. This angle greatly weakened the case for Nelson, and the court ultimately found in favor of the Saudi Government. Justice Souter stated that the abuse was not based upon a commercial activity within the meaning of the Act. The court also found that the conduct boiled down to the abuse of power of its police by the government which was monstrous and abusive, but still sovereign in nature. This case showed the clear problem that legal recourse was needed against official security forces of a foreign state. Anorexia Nervosa Study EssayIn conclusion, we have looked at a few of the regulations the FAA puts on pilots. We have seen that noncompliance with these regulations often results in court cases showing the pilot was either negligent or partially at fault for the mishaps in question. Overall, however, the FAA does a good job of keeping both pilots and their passengers safe when in the air. Through the strict guidelines and high standards to which pilots are held, the FAA has indeed done its job of promoting safety in air travel. When combining all of these factors together, it is no wonder that air travel is still considered to be the safest form of travel in the world, beating out popular options such as automobile and train travel!Noise abatementThere is no doubt that aircrafts and airports cause a lot of noise. This noise indisputably has a detrimental effect on the people who reside near airports. These citizens who live near airports are often at the center, and many times the cause, of controversies that seem to have no correct solution. The citizen groups generally seek to lessen the amount of noise they are subjected to, while airports and airlines tend to fight these measures in an effort to ensure the greatest profit. Aircraft noise has been found to cause serious problems to health in both physical and psychological areas. This noise not only affects the people who reside near airports during the day, but often this noise affects sleep and communication and other processes necessary to daily life. Excessive noise has been linked to serious health problems such as high blood pressure, cardiovascular disease, gastrointestinal problems, and the obvious hearing loss. It is quite clear that noise has serious affects beyond just being annoying, and it is very understandable that people who reside near airports would make an attempt to thwart the damaging effects of airport and aircraft noise as much as possible. This desire to avert damaging noise invariably leads citizens to various governmental bodies to seek conciliation. The road to conciliation has taken many paths over the past half-century, though. Historically, noise regulations have been put in place by local governments through ordinances. These ordinances have evolved to create actual maximum decibel level standards. Other measures taken by local governments include limiting the hours that aircrafts can take off and land at certain airports, and limitations on certain types of aircrafts, runways or flight patterns. More recently, however, noise regulation is generally achieved through the federal government, either through Congressional statute or administrative regulation, with the most dominant agency being the FAA. The Federal Aviation Act of 1958 was amended in 1968 to authorize the FAA to consider engine design in an effort to decrease noise levels in the Control and Abatement of Aircraft Noise and Sonic Boom Amendment. Here, allowing the FAA to regulate noise levels at the source enhanced the FAAs regulatory power. In 1972, the Office of Noise Abatement and Control (ONAC) was created under the EPA to determine the adequacy of FAA regulations on noise levels. Here the EPA was to make suggestions to the FAA for improvement of the regulation of noise levels, but the FAA did not implement many of the EPAs proposals. Congress has taken further steps to authorize federal governmental agencies to aid the FAA in regulating noise levels, and in 1990 Congress passed the Airport Noise and Capacity Act, which integrated the many local noise restrictions into one national noise policy. Here, citizen groups argued, the FAA was given unrestricted discretion in their ability to render local noise abatement measures useless. No longer were local governmental entities free to enact noise reduction measures. The FAA created national standards that the local governmental entities were to follow, thus limiting the discretion previously allowed to local governments in dealing with noise reduction. For the most part, airports or their proprietors must adhere to noise levels set forth by the FAA. Generally, the level of noise is averaged over a period of time, usually an entire day. The level is usually set at an average of 65 decibels over the twenty-four hour period. This average does not take into account the fact that many times the average may be low, but at various times during the twenty-four hour period the decibel levels rise well above the 65 decibels that is restricted by law. The FAA is to set the national standards for noise levels, which the local governmental entities are responsible for complying with. Conformity to the rules set forth by the FAA can lead to increased federal funding for local entities that want to reduce noise in the way that the FAA sees fit. This creates a system that is quite confusing to citizens looking to reduce noise levels in the interest of their health. Should the citizens go to the local government and demand they reduce levels through ordinances? This is problematic because local governmental entities are operating on slight budgets, at least compared to the federal government, and they cannot risk losing the funding of the FAA which finances noise abatement programs. Well then, should the citizens seek pacification with the FAA? This is may also prove ineffective because the FAA allots relatively little funding to noise abatement programs in light of other priorities faced by the FAA including crashes and air traffic con trol equipment. As is imaginable, many court actions have risen out of the desire of citizens to lower noise levels and businesses to maintain or increase profit. In City of Burbank v. Lockheed Air Terminal, INC. the City of Burbank issued a curfew on flights leaving from Hollywood-Burbank Airport.The curfew, which restricted flights from 11 p.m. to 7 a.m., affected only one flight per week. The District Court, the Court of Appeals and the Supreme Court all found the ordinance unconstitutional based on the Supremacy Clause. The Court maintained that it was the sole responsibility of the federal government, in this case the FAA, to enact rules dealing with noise. The Court further found that, in the interest of alleviating noise, the curfew was ill conceived because many flights would now leave directly prior to that deadline, thus escalating the noise problem. The Court generally relies on past legislation, such as the Noise Control Act of 1972, which directed by the FAA and the EPA to design regula tions to alleviate noise problems. The Court further explained that the control of noise is a state problem, however the FAA and EPA remain in control in these areas due to the 1972 legislation. The Court also made it clear that if they were to uphold the City of Burbanks ordinance, many other municipalities would enact similar ordinances, and severely limit the flexibility of FAA in controlling air traffic flow. The Court stressed that changes must be made by Congress to change the control of governmental entities over noise control. Legislation since that time has not aided municipalities in their efforts to curb the amount of noise at certain times of the day, as is seen by the 1990 legislation. Here municipalities were required to follow the standards set forth by the FAA. The Airport Noise and Capacity Act of 1990, although in an attempt to cater to the demands of citizen groups phased out older usually noisier aircrafts, the ability of local governments to set forth their own standards was drastically reduced. In order to truly address the problem of noise control, new measures must be taken. Citizens who live near airports will always complain of noise levels because airports and airplanes are simply loud. Airlines and airports will probably always complain about reducing noise levels because reducing noise levels requires the spending of money, which in turn means less profit. This would lead the cynic to believe that there is no solution. That may be true, but a happy medium can be reached where both sides compromise a little, but each side can still achieve their goal. This happy medium will not be achieved without the help of the government, though. Due to the FAAs broad responsibilities, such as crash investigations, and relatively little time and money spent on noise reduction, which is a very serious health problem to those who must endure it, the responsibility of devising a plan to reduce noise should be delegated outside of the FAA. The EPA seems a likely candidate, for they did take many steps to suggest the FAA change the rules regarding noise reduction, alth ough the FAA followed few of those recommendations. In order for ONAC, under the EPA, to be effective, however, they must be given not only more funding but greater authority in rulemaking and enforcement. This solution would appease the citizen groups who believe the FAA caters to the airline industry, and the ONAC would have the power, for example, to limit the decibel levels in residential areas around airports. It is unlikely, however, that the airline industry will be pleased with any increased regulations regarding noise reduction. Airlines should not fight these noise restrictions, however. With some creative spinning, airlines could easily convince people that they are ready and willing to lower the noise levels themselves. Airlines could effortlessly convey the idea that they are the driving force behind the reduction in noise levels, which will invariably lead to good publicity. Although some people will notice that the airlines are pursuing ulterior motives, the airlines will in fact be helping the people who reside near airports, and that it the ultimate goal. If the airlines can get some good press in aiding the people who live near airports, that is just an added bonus. ConclusionThe air transportation industry is clearly affected by many regulations, most of which are set forth by the FAA. The issue of safety is the most stressed. Safety in regards to hijacking, pilot licensure, and noise abatement have been discussed here in this paper. These areas only scratch the surface of the FAAs overall jurisdic tion. The FAAs original goal was to ensure the safety of all people who fly or come into contact with aircrafts; the growth of technology has created many new hurdles for the FAA to contend with. The FAA has evolved with technology, as well, and the original goal of providing safety is still achieved every day. Works Cited

Rock Vs. Classical Music free essay sample

Meyer Rock music of today has turned to sit because of Mats TRY, the billboards, and Brittany Spears record sales have something to do with the size of her breasts. Rock music from the asss through today will be remembered for years, but it lacks the true timelessness of classical music. Classical music has beautiful harmonies that be appreciated for thousands of years. Modern rock is a shallow reflection of the time, showing lack of development due to sell out bands making music for money and not o make music.Classical also has the advantage of being highly structured music. Having a distinct structure and showing development from beginning to end helps make a song timeless. Also the depth and complexity of writing for tens or even hundreds of Instruments will make classical music appreciated by people for endless expanse time. The harmonies In classical orchestral music are Impossible to reproduce with a small band of rock Instruments. We will write a custom essay sample on Rock Vs. Classical Music or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Modern rock has harmonies Just as all music does but the harmony between the lead guitar, bass guitar and the keyboard is no where near hat can be produced with an entire orchestra.Listen to Beethovens famous Fifth to hear the distortion that a solo of violins produces and what that can do for the sound. Then listen to something like Green Day or Corn. There is still distortion with the string instruments but with only two or three guitars in a modern rock band the depth of the sound is lost. Classical music Is typically very structured and organized. Mozart wrote all of his music with a very distinct Introduction, body, and conclusion. Listen to the introduction of his Requiem Mass and the distinct conclusion of Ellen Klein Enactments. Mozart music generally obeys the strictest rules of the time signature and the key. Then listen to the differences and general lack of structure In anything Bob Dylan wrote. Punk rock and hardcore death metal is even farther from strictly obeying the time signature. Pick up Pink Floods The Wall, Tools Laterals, and Nine Inch Nails The Fragile and to how the beginning and ending of each song is ambiguous. They flow together so that the point at which one song ends and the next begins is only known by the CD players time and track display. Modern rock is generally written for about four or five instruments and a lead voice that is consistent in every song. With an entire orchestra of instruments each section or even each Instrument can operate equally with all of the others. Solos and soles add even more to the depth and complexity. Rock music does have Its solos but not as often and usually Its only for a short time In a song. Right after the solo the Instruments return to their normal rank of lead guitar, keyboard, bass, then drums. O Rosins William Tell Future and how every instrument plays as the lead instrument at different points. Classical orchestral music and modern rock music have fundamental differences that obviously separate the styles but because modern rock lacks the beautiful harmonics, structure, and complexity it cannot be as timeless as Mozart can. Both types of music hold a certain value and although classical music sales are a small percentage compared to rock music, Beethoven will be listened to Just as much in 400 years as it IS today. The same cannot be said for even the Battles, Pink Floyd, or Metallic. Rock Vs. Classical Music free essay sample Having a distinct structure and showing development from beginning to end helps make a song timeless. Also the depth and complexity of writing for tens or even hundreds of instruments will make classical music appreciated by people for endless expanse time. The harmonies in classical orchestral music are impossible to reproduce with a small band of rock instruments. Modern rock has harmonies just as all music does but the harmony between the lead guitar, bass guitar and the keyboard is no where near what can be produced with an entire orchestra.Listen to Beethoven s famous Fifth to hear the distortion that a soil of violins produces and what that can do for the sound. Then listen to something like Green Day or Koran. There is still distortion with the string instruments but with only two or three guitars in a modern rock band the depth of the sound is lost. We will write a custom essay sample on Rock Vs. Classical Music or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Classical music is typically very structured and organized. Mozart wrote all of his music with a very distinct introduction, body, and conclusion. Listen to the introduction of his Requiem Mass and the distinct conclusion of Nine Klein Machinists.Mozart music generally obeys the strictest rules of the time signature and the key. Then listen to the differences and general lack of structure in anything Bob Dylan wrote. Punk rock and hardcore death metal is even farther from strictly obeying the time signature. Pick up Pink Floods The Wall, Tools Laterals, and Nine Inch Nails The Fragile and to how the beginning and ending of each song is ambiguous. They flow together so that the point at which one song ends and the next begins is only known by the CD players time and track display.Modern rock is generally written for about four or five instruments and a lead voice that is consistent in every song. With an entire orchestra Of instruments each section or even each instrument can operate equally with all of the others. Solos and collies add even more to the depth and complexity. Rock music does have its solos but not as often and usually its only for a short time in a song. Right after the solo the instruments return to their normal rank of lead guitar, keyboard, bass, then drums. Listen to a guitar solo in a Metallic song or a drum solo in a Koran song. Then listen to Rosins WilliamTell Future and how every instrument plays as the lead instrument at different points. Classical orchestral music and modern rock music have fundamental differences that obviously separate the styles but because modern rock lacks the beautiful harmonics, structure, and complexity it cannot be as timeless as Mozart can. Both types of music hold a certain value and although classical music sales are a small percentage compared to rock music, Beethoven will be listened to just as much in 400 years as it is today. The same cannot be said for even the Beetles, Pink Floyd, or Metallic.

The eNotes Blog Mo Yan Wins the 2012 Nobel Prize forLiterature

Mo Yan Wins the 2012 Nobel Prize forLiterature This morning, the Nobel Prize for Literature  was announced.   The committee has granted the prestigious award to 57-year Chinese   author Mo Yan. In its press release, the Nobel Committee says that Mo Yan was selected for his writing that merges â€Å"hallucinatory realism (with) folk tales, history and the contemporary.† The choice, though widely lauded, has its critics as well. Although the subjects Yan typically writes about are non-political, the writer has been embraced by the Communist Party, something that gives dissident writers and others pause. Despite political concerns, few would argue that Mos work is not brilliant. His subject matter typically examines rural Chinese life through magical realism. Mos penchant for narrators like talking animals and his inclusion of elements from Chinese fairy tales has drawn comparisons of his work to that of Colombian author  Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Perhaps Mr. Mos best-known work in the Western world is his novel  Red Sorghum.  Published in 1986 and translated into English in 1992,  Red Sorghum  is a bandit-laced tale about the trials of life for rural Chinese. The novel was made into a  movie in 1987. Born in the eastern Chinese province of Shandong in 1955 to farming parents, Mo Yan is the pen name of Guan Moye.   Mo was a teenager during the Cultural Revolution. For several years, he took various agricultural jobs and then joined the Peoples Liberation Army. His first short story, Falling Rain on a Spring Night, was published in 1981.   Many more short stories and novels have since been published. His latest,  Life and Death Are Wearing Me Out,  was written in 2006 and translated into English in 2008.

Finding Your Writer’s Voice Expert Advice for Developing Your Style - Freewrite Store

Finding Your Writer’s Voice Expert Advice for Developing Your Style - Freewrite Store Whether you write blogs and articles or your focus is on fiction, you need to find your voice. Every writer has a unique voice or style - but sometimes it can take a while for you to actually find your own voice. Especially when you’re first starting out as a writer, you may find that you’re trying to imitate another writer’s voice, and that means your unique voice is hidden. Here’s the thing: you don’t need your writing to sound like another writer’s. In fact, imitating other writers’ style will not help your writing to get noticed. Your readers want something different, not another clone of a popular writer or author. They want to hear your voice - your unique, authentic voice. What Is a Writer’s Voice, and is it the Same as Your Style? Before we dive into the meat of this article, I want to take a moment to define what exactly I mean when I talk about your voice as a writer and how that relates to your overall style of writing. Some people argue that voice and style are two completely different things, but there are so many overlaps it’s impossible to separate them. Your voice as a writer comprises: Your personality Your tone Your choice of words Your use of punctuation Your attitude Your personal preferences or personal style Your approach to sentence structure Your attitude towards strictly following grammatical ‘rules’ Your use of formal or informal language Your use of language when you speak You can see from this list how your true writer’s voice will be unique to you because it’s affected by your personality and your unique way of using language. When it comes to style, there may be some variations in your voice, depending on the audience that you’re writing for. Ultimately, whether you’re writing for an academic publication, a magazine or publishing a blog, your voice should still shine through in your adaptation of a particular style. Your voice will also mean you favor particular styles of writing, too, so there’s no way of completely separating the topics of voice and style. But why do so many writers struggle to use their own writer’s voice? There’s actually a superb explanation. Beating Imposter Syndrome Those self-doubts that you experience every time you sit down to write, and that feeling that your writing can’t compete with all the ‘great’ writers out there, is often referred to as ‘imposter syndrome’. Although you love to write, you’re never satisfied with the results, and you’re constantly waiting for your readers to discover that you’re ‘not really a writer’. Imposter syndrome is a huge barrier to using your own unique voice. While there’s no magic way of getting rid of imposter syndrome, when you focus on developing your own voice instead of copying someone else’s style, you will gradually see the value of using your unique style. Techniques for Unleashing Your Writer’s Voice So, how can you explore your own writer’s voice when you’re so used to imitating your favorite writers? I’ve spent a lot of time researching this topic (since I really struggled with imposter syndrome when I first got started) and have pulled together some of the best advice and exercises that will help you discover your unique writing style. 1. Set Your Voice Free When I first started writing fiction, blogs and articles, I found that I was focusing far too much on ‘doing it right’. I could spend days writing and rewriting an opening sentence or paragraph because I was worried about breaking the ‘rules’. I blame the education system for enslaving me to a long list of grammatical rules that must not ever be broken. I was also too focused on finding stylistic guidelines to religiously follow, even though I hated those self-imposed regulations. The ridiculous part was that I knew that a lot of writers regularly broke both grammatical and stylistic rules, but I couldn’t bring myself to do that in my writing. I was trapped and I didn’t know how to get free. Then I discovered freewriting when I took a creative writing course as part of my college degree. We were instructed to spend at least 15 minutes every day freewriting, and I found it so liberating. So, what exactly is freewriting? Freewriting sets your voice free because you’re deliberately breaking the rules that hold your voice back. It gives you the opportunity to explore your creativity, to express yourself without restriction and stop worrying about ‘what people will think’. Because you’re freewriting just for yourself, there’s some psychological stuff going on that breaks the chains that have prevented your unique voice from truly emerging. 2. Write Even When You Don’t Have to Write If writing is your career, it’s easy to get into the trap of only writing when you have a project to complete (i.e. you only write when you’re getting paid to write). That’s not good for your writer’s voice, because you’re losing that sense of writing for pleasure and your writing can become more formulaic. Malcolm Gladwell, who wrote Outliers: The Story of Success,reckons that it takes 10,000 hours to perfect your craft - and while that figure may be an exaggeration (and has been disputed), I think it’s important to bear it in mind. You will not find your unique voice if you don’t get lots of practice - and that means you need to write for pleasure as well as for profit. Setting yourself (achievable) writing practice goals - for example, to write (for pleasure) for at least 30 minutes every day - can give you the space you need to explore your writer’s voice. When you have a regular writing habit that’s not hampered by guidelines set by other people, it’s easier to get into the flow that will reveal your own unique voice. At the end of each week, set aside some time to read back what you’ve been writing and you should be able to see patterns in your language and how your personality shines through your writing. That’s your writer’s voice, and the more you practice using it, the more comfortable you’ll become with sharing it with the world. 3. Get Out of Your Comfort Zone If you’re the kind of writer that sticks to one kind of writing (for example, you only write blogs, or you only write poetry, or you only write fantasy fiction), then getting out of your writing comfort zone can really help you discover more about your writer’s voice. When you write in a genre or format you’re not used to or don’t read a lot of, you don’t have the same preconceptions about what your writing ‘should’ sound like. That means that when you start writing, your voice is more likely to emerge easier since you’re not trying to make your writing ‘conform’ in some way. Here are some examples of types of writing that may be out of your writing comfort zone and can help you explore the way your writer’s voice emerges when it’s totally free: Creative nonfiction Journalistic-style writing A completely different genre of fiction to what you’re used to reading or writing. Genres include: Historical fiction Romantic fiction Children’s fiction Young adult fiction Science fiction Fantasy Crime Thriller Literary fiction A piece of persuasive writing A political speech Poetry A short play/film script Biographical writing 4. Take A Journey of Self-Discovery A crucial part of exploring your writer’s voice is knowing yourself and understanding how you view and relate to the world around you. If you’re struggling with your writer’s voice, maybe you need to spend some time on a journey of self-discovery. It’s really easy to be swayed by other people’s opinions and views - to the point that you can easily internalize someone else’s way of thinking and being. Because those views and thinking patterns can actually be at odds with your natural (unique) ways of thinking and being, there can be internal conflicts that may affect your writer’s voice. To reconnect with your way of thinking and being, you need to do some deep work in getting to grips with your own opinions, way of seeing the world, and your passions. At the root of self-discovery is paying attention to what makes you happy, what inspires you, what brightens your day, what makes you angry, what causes you’re passionate about. All of these things will impact on your unique writing voice, and so the more you explore them, the more you’ll be able to unleash your writer’s voice. Getting comfortable with you empowers you to take more risks in your writing and your writing voice will thank you for the investment you put into self-discovery. Journaling is an excellent means of self-discovery, and it’s good practice to get into a habit of regular self-discovery journaling sessions. There are guided journals available to buy from places like Amazon if you feel you need help in getting started with journaling. Or you could use these questions as prompts for your self-discovery sessions: My greatest strength is†¦ I can’t stand it when other people†¦ If I had a theme song it would be†¦ When I think about the future, the thing I fear the most is†¦ When faced with a challenge, I†¦ If I encountered a road that had three forks and one path led to a mountain, one led to a forest and the third led to an ocean, I would choose†¦ (explain why) The things I am most passionate about are†¦ The charitable cause I’m most passionate about is†¦ Injustice in the world makes me†¦ If I had an unlimited budget I would... Discover Your Writer’s Voice and Set Yourself Free Discovering and developing your writer’s voice is an adventure that can have a massive impact on the power of your writing. When you’re embarking on the adventure, though, remember that your voice continues to develop as you write. As you mature, for example, you may notice subtle changes to your writer’s voice and even the types of writing you enjoy the most. The goal in discovering and developing your writer’s voice is to get out of the imitation trap and learn to love your own unique voice instead of feeling you need to copy another writer you admire. When you invest in developing your writer’s voice, you’ll gain confidence and your writing will become much more impactful. Every writer has, at some time or other, struggled with their writer’s voice, even bestselling authors like Stephen King. Persevere with your journey of discovery and you’ll get to the point that Stephen King has reached - where your readers can recognize your voice without seeing your name.

Success in college Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Success in college - Term Paper Example As far as using the educational resources are concerned, I need to be apt with how these resources are made use of and what the best foot forward is when one thinks about the work representations. I can gain quite a lot if these educational resources are employed in a sound and positive way because this will mean that I am looking forward to receiving the best of education and academic intelligence which is needed in this day and age. This will also guarantee that I am aligned with how to make the best use of the changing technological facets which have come to the fore and which shall have a very strategic bearing on my growth and development over a period of time. For using the educational resources, I need to make the best use of my university library so that the hidden treasures within it are explored to the hilt. The articles, books and journals need to be discerned for finding out the very basics related with the respective subjects. This shall mean that I am doing my utmost to make sure that the wrong concepts and ideologies are taken care of in an appropriate way and any such apprehensions are also kept at bay within the thick of things (Hess, 2001). When one talks about the academic honesty dictum, I need to make sure that I remain one step ahead of the requirements which exist within the related fore. This can only happen if I know exactly how I will plan things accordingly and how I shall be able to reap rich dividends in the coming times. I would like to be head-on with the plagiarism policies which exist within an academic context. In order to be completely at par with the rules and policies, what I need to know is how I can make the best use of these academic principles, ethical considerations and the like so that I remain in line with the changing need dimensions of the time, more so when it concerns with the academic honesty discussions. Any university would dearly have an academic honesty policy that shall have implications for the plagiarism i ssues which come to the notice of all and sundry. These need to be avoided in order to bring upon success which is hidden beneath academic excellence. It is sound to know that in this day and age universities are undertaking efforts and initiatives to make sure that the dishonest students are removed from their realms because they add nuisance value to its lengths and breadths. Therefore all-out efforts should be in place to remain academically honest about one’s dealings and undertakings. From an educational perspective, it is always significant to know and find out what the long term and short term educational goals and objectives are. This means that these educational objectives need to be achieved over a period of time and proper concentration and attention must be paid towards the same. By this, I need to have clarity as far as comprehending how I can achieve success within the shortest possible time and what I need to do in order to bring out the best within my skills, abilities and competencies (McKenna, 2011). Indeed there would be a host of obstacles and difficulties which would stand in my way but what I must do under such circumstances is to make sure that I remain steadfast about my educational priorities and thus give my very best day in and day out. This shall allow me an understanding that I must always remain supreme as far as achieving my

LLB - UNIT 3 TORT 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

LLB - UNIT 3 TORT 1 - Essay Example Violation of absolute right does not require the damage to be proved and it actionable per se, Ashby v. White4. The concept of Damnum5 and Injuria6 in relation to tortuous liability explains the real significance of legal damages. Damnum and Injuria are interrelated and determines act actionable or not actionable. These two factors have close relationship with tortuous liability. The relationship between these two terms is explained in the two maxims i) Injuria sine damno and ii) damnum sine (or obsque) injuria. Injuria sine damno: There are two torts one is actionable per se7 and the other is actionable only on proof of damage. Every person has an absolute right to immunity of his person, to his property, and to his liberty. Infringement of this right is actionable per se. In case of injuria sine damno a person whose rights are infringed has cause of action even though there is no actual loss or damage. Ashby v. White4 In this case a legally qualified vote of a person was refused maliciously causing injuria, but the person for whom voted was elected, causing no loss, held it is actionable applying the maxim injuria sine damno. Damnum sine injuria: In damnum sine injuria, where there is an actual and substantial loss (Damnum) without infringement of legal right (Injuria) no action leis. In a suit for damages based on a tort the plaintiff cannot succeed merely on the ground of damage unless he shows that the damage was caused by violation of his legal right. The following are the instances of Damnum sine injuria: Interception of percolating water:- A landowner and mill owner who had for about six years enjoyed the use of a stream, which was chiefly supplied by percolating underground water, lost the use of the stream after an adjoining owner dug on his own ground an extensive well for the purpose of supplying water to the inhabitants of the district. In

Judgment and the Self Essay Example for Free

Judgment and the Self Essay What upsets people is not things themselves but their judgments about the things. For example, death is nothing dreadful (or else it would have appeared dreadful to Socrates), but instead the judgment about death that it is dreadful—that is what is dreadful. So when we are thwarted or upset or distressed, let us never blame someone [or something] else but rather ourselves, that is, our own judgments. † -Epictetus To say dread is an interior phenomenon is to tread toward tautology, dread wrenches your innards. Here however, there seems to be something to the echo of Epictetus. Of course the crux lies in the gap that opens this passage, the gap between things and our judgments of them or, perhaps more pointedly, in the locality of judgment. This distinction already clarifies some ground of Epictetus’ standing. He is not a materialist for judgments hold the higher weight. The term ‘judgment’ is a tricky point in the exegesis. If it stands for appearance in the sense of a person’s particular appropriation of sense-data or some basic form of interacting in the world, we are in a more limited position in controlling our ‘judgments’. If it stands for opinion we have some more flexibility. If we limit ourselves to the example of the passage Epictetus is shown to be speaking in the latter sense at the level of opinions and events which are already complex entities of consciousness. This would follow the philanthropic drive of Socratic philosophy which Epictetus evokes. His position is nearly stoic; while he does not occlude the passions (â€Å"When we are thwarted or upset or distressed†) he does rein them in under self control. For Epictetus this takes a very rational form, indeed he nearly equates the self with the judgments it produces saying, â€Å"Ourselves, that is, our own judgments. † His argument follows from his position. The events that will overtake you in life are simply as they are (we hear this in the other passage of his). One is cast into the world but the impact of events can be determined by the subject. It is ones own responsibility how one responds to life situations. It is important in the analysis of Epictetus’ argument to display it properly. Looking at it in syllogistic form we find a fault line. Firstly, we note that Epictetus does not give us an overt syllogism. What we have is simply a premise and a conclusion. There is an implied major premise that would have the syllogism read as such: a) All judgments are the responsibility of the subject. b) judgments upset people not things. c) when one is upset, they are to blame. It is this major premise that does not sit well today. The question is whether we are in control of our judgments. After Kierkegaard, can we really be confident in our ability to think away dread? I would use example as ‘dread’ is one translation of the Danish ‘angest’ on which Kierkegaard wrote his important, Concept of Anxiety. Now for Kierkegaard anxiety opens up the capacity for a response in a way that could please Epictetus but the crucial difference is that it is precisely in being moved, in being upset, the one is prompted to decide. Or, as Kierkegaard writes analogously in a later work, â€Å"The possibility of this sickness [despair] is man’s advantage over the beast. What amounts to ascent in the case of despair is not being in it†(Kierkegaard, 1989, p. 44-45). This Kierkegaardian understanding of pre-existing trouble rings truer. The trick here is not to lose this issue in esoteric matters. Unfortunately the example used by Epictetus doesn’t translate well into analogues. Firstly because death is a experience about which we can only form a prejudgment (providing that we understand death in terms of Epictetus’ world where death does not include a possibility of resuscitation). Secondly, because a fear of death seems to be universal. The maxim that â€Å"all of life is but a preparation for death† points to this universality. In order to sidestep some of these difficulties for the heart of the issue it is necessary to construct a new example. This will be given later on for the purpose of explicating my position. I am inclined to agree not only with the Kierkegaardian position of having a disposition toward unease but relatedly that the self is a construct. The self qua self awakens, and this sort of phenomenon can even be seen by the dull-mindedness of developmental psychology. The example is that of a child’s judgment. They slavishly follow their impulses toward sweets, for example. They will take them until they are trained to control themselves. Even in this elementary scenario we can see that the judgment precedes the self. As such the self cannot be in control of the self. This way of framing the discussion could set up my position as Einsteinian to Newtonian physics. Newtonian physics are not proven wrong, but shown to cover a certain domain. The field of Epictetus is that of an already developed self higher in capacity for self-discipline. This discipline is also the locus of value for this passage for it could be read to suggest that a certain sort of person (or a sufficiently developed person to be less exclusive) can begin engineering their own judgments. In this way one can prevent oneself from becoming upset. This is a eudemonic ideal that could be manifest in the Epictetus though the passage does not give us quite enough to warrant that judgment on its own. In the end it could be argued that Epictetus could agree with me if read a certain way (and with no further context in his work), though given his stoic background I am disinclined to this view. Moreover, whether or not he holds this view is of secondary importance. The degree to which he and I agree depends on whether in telling us to blame only ourselves he is prompting us to construct a better self or merely to delineate where the problem comes into play. Doubtless he would endorse self refinement but it his intent in this passage is the crucial matter. Beyond that there is only the hurdle that he believes judgment is quite self-possessed where I see the self as constructed in dialogue with many influences (culture, parenting, education, etc) which do much of one’s judging especially in earlier stages of development. It is the only hurdle but that is still a sizable leap. References Kierkegaard, Soren. (1989). The Sickness Unto Death. (Alastair Hannay Trans. ). New York: Penguin Books USA Inc.. (Original work published 1849).

Henry James The Europeans Essays -- Henry James Europeans Culture Ess

In his novel The Europeans, Henry James tells the story of an American family that is visited by their European cousins. James uses these circumstances to depict the differences between Europeans and Americans. The Americans tend to be frightened of the Europeans, since they seem quite foreign within the puritanical American community. On the other hand, the Europeans are surprised by the Americans' provincial ways. Reaction to the unfamiliar is a central element of the novel. Each character's reaction to the unfamiliar reveals his or her personality and also determines whom that character is capable of tolerating and of loving. Felix, one of the European cousins, and Gertrude, the younger daughter of the American family, both illustrate characters who welcome the unknown. Charlotte, the elder daughter of the American family, and Mr. Brand, the clergyman who lives with the family, both seek to avoid change. Eugenia, the other European cousin, enjoys stability whereas her suitor Mr. Acton is excited by new experiences. The latter pair can never live together, while the characters of similar dispositions tend to become romantically involved. Thus, reaction to the unfamiliar determines the course of each of these characters' lives. Characters like Gertrude and Felix are curious about things that they have not experienced. They search for new things, being unable to maintain one way of life for a long period of time. Gertrude displays this by her imaginative nature. She adores imagining, wishing to be somewhere else in the world. When she is left alone when everyone else goes to church Gertrude decides to transport herself to Arabia: "She possessed herself of a very obvious volume-one of the series of the Arabian Nights-and sh... ...g consistency, and thus they are conservative characters who can live together because they will be able to sustain order and routine. Eugenia and Acton can never agree on how to live, forcing them to end their relationship. In this novel, James takes a more humorous approach than in his other novels, and pokes fun at his own stiff American culture. He uses the European influence to show how narrow-minded New Englanders were at the time, and in fact James was part of this puritanical society. However, he presents a contrast with characters who believe that change is essential. Thus, through showing two juxtaposed opinions, James contrasts American conservatism with European worldliness, and how this reflects on the members of those different societies. However, as in the best Shakespearean comedy, the story ends with a marriage, and it is all much ado about nothing.

Ku Klux Klan Essay

Introduction: In this essay I am going to compose a piece of text which will involve the tension of Segregation. In the 1930s, although 50% of the population of Southern towns were black, they had no vote and could not marry whites. Also in the 1930’s, many black people lived in the southern states. During that time, racism reached its highest point. For instance, the whites treated the blacks very poorly because they thought that the blacks were lower than them. Therefore, the blacks had to fight for the right to be treated equally. As a result, black people had to face the Jim Crow Laws and the Ku Klux Klan. In my own opinion I think that the 1930 was a turbulent time for race relations in America. Paragraph 1: The first racism incident that I have spotted out and chosen to write about in my essay is when the Wallace’s’ poured kerosene over Mr Berry and his nephews and lit them on fire. One of the nephews died, the other one is alive but has the same condition as Mr Berry. The reason why the Wallace’s poured kerosene over the Berry’s was because they caught them flirting with a white woman which wasn’t allowed back then. In fact, it was not even true! The Berry’s didn’t even flirt with her. They lied about it. The quote that goes with this event was when mama (Cassies’ mum) said to her kids, â€Å"The Wallaces did that, children. They poured kerosene over Mr Berry and his nephews and lit them afire.† â€Å"Everyone knows they did it, and the Wallaces even laugh about it, but nothing was ever done.† At this right moment I feel disgusted and baffled that people could actually do this in the 1930s. The sympathy for the Wallace’s has decreased because setting fire to someone is arson and that makes Mr Wallace and his clique an arsonist. Also it makes us feel that the Wallaces are black-hearted and atrocious people, because who would want to set a person on fire? Then laugh about it. The sympathy for the Berrys has definitely increased because of what happened to both Mr Berry and his two nephews is utterly excruciating and the fact that there is no reason behind why the Wallaces did it, makes the reader feel more sorrowful for them. On the other hand in the book it says, â€Å"Disfigured man lying in the darkness† In that quote you can see how dreadful his injuries were. He was even camouflaging with the darkness; see that is real bad? Paragraph 2: The second racism incident that I found very crucial was when Cassie bumped into Lillian Jean Simms by accident but Lillian Jean still DEMANDED for a sorry and for Cassie to get on her knees instantly. As well as this was racism, it was also bullying in some kind of way because Cassie didn’t want to get on her Knees but she still got forced. â€Å"Kicking at the sidewalk, my head bowed. It was then that I bumped into Lillian Jean Simms.† Cassie really didn’t mean to bump into Lillian Jean at all but she took it over the top& reacted to the bump by saying, â€Å"why don’t you watch were you’re going?† â€Å"Well apologize† â€Å"That ain’t enough. Get down in the road† This right here is what you call racism. Cassie didn’t intend to bump into Lillian Jean, it was just an accident but because Cassie is black they didn’t care at all. Cassie even got pushed around by Mr Simms. Mr Simms was even sticking up for his daughter even though she was in the wrong. Lillian Jeans’ father was saying to Cassie that when Lillian tells you that you should get off the sidewalk, you get off it. The sympathy towards Lillian Jean Simms has totally decreased because what she did was just too dramatic and it was just a ‘bump’. In my opinion Cassie did not have to go on her knees because she didn’t deliberately bump into her; all that should have been done was an apology to Lillian. My sympathy towards Cassie has increased more. The reason why I said this was because she was intimidated and forced to get on her knees even though she had already shed a tear; they didn’t care, they just wanted an apology from her. Conclusion: To sum up I think that Racism is totally unacceptable and utterly inglorious. In this novel I think that Taylor was trying to put across the fact of what the black people had to go through in the 1930s every day of their lives, and how their wouldn’t even be an us our even a peaceful world if racism was still occurring. I also think that Taylor is trying to compare today’s life to the 1930s and too see how much the black people suffered.

Letter to Editor Essay

I have been looking over the results from the Nation Grade Six assessment which was written on the 25th and 26th of March by 16,811 students. Congratulations to all students who entered this exam, especially the students who have been able to gain a position one of Guyana’s five (5) top schools. However, it is very noticeable that most of Guyana’s top graduates are from a private school/institution. That brings along the thought of what really is going on in the public schools in Guyana? Are they treated to less? I am not bringing along the thought that all public school students did badly in this primary examination, but why aren’t more of our governmental institutions doing as well as students of a private school? Is it because of the poverty struck we live in? Is it because the students are not having the adequate material like textbooks to get work finished? Is it the unskilled teachers being employed to teach these students? All of these things are readily available with high quality to students of private institutions. Back in the good old days, no private school could compare to a public school, citizens generally preferred to send their children to a public school to ensure they have a proper ground. Today, that is very unsure. Not only the standard to public primary schools are dropping, but also the behavior in the students today that go to public school is treacherous. Are they having no discipline? Government, parents and teachers need to work together to rebuild the good foundation and name of primary public schools in Guyana.

Casinos Industry

Casinos Industry Introduction Background study Casino is an Italian word which means a small villa specifically built for pleasure. Casinos trace their origin in Italy in 1638 with the first casino being located at Venice (Fun Casino Gaming 1). Casinos are a major component of the global gaming industry (Economy Watch 2). Some countries such as India and other Arab countries consider the industry to be illegal.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Casinos Industry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, some countries such as Singapore are partially legalizing the industry (Economy Watch2). Over the years, casino industry has undergone a rampant growth (Persson 1). According to a report published in 2007 by PriceWaterHouseCoopers, the industry’s net worth averaged $101.6 billion. It is expected that the industry’s total net-worth will be $ 144 billion by 2011. The projection was based on the annual industry growth rate wh ich averages 7.2% (Onlinecasinotopic.com 3). The growth results from the high rate at which new casinos are built and also renovation of the old ones especially in the Pacific region and China. On a global scale, the industry generates a substantial amount of revenue and offers a wide range of employment. The table below gives an illustration of the total revenue generated from the industry today from the various forms of employment. Industry Gross Revenue Commercial casinos $34.11 billion Indian casinos $25.08 billion Card rooms $1.10 billion Legal bookmaking $191.0 million Charitable games $2.24 billion Pari-mutuel wagering $3.58 billion Lotteries $24.63 billion Some countries have got a well developed casino industry compared to others. The table below gives an illustration of the countries with the largest number of casinos. Country Number of casinos Country Number of casinos United States 1673 Lavtia 46 Canada 123 United Kingdom 366 Mexico 34 Spain 70 Germany 137 South Africa 47 France 460 Netherlands 88 Czech Republic 85 Australia 423 Estonia 123 New Zealand 58 Ireland 56 Macao 39 Croatia 51 Bulgaria 53 Aim The report is aimed at analyzing the global casino industry Scope Various sections are included in the report. An outline of the top five casinos in the world and the performance of the industry in the past 5 years is illustrated in the first part. The effect of trade patterns on the industry is evaluated in the second section. The third section entails an analysis of the industry using the porter’s five forces.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More An external analysis of the industry is conducted to identify the changes in the environment which will promote the growth of the industry. The firm which is expected to undergone significant growth and the factors which will contribute to the growth are also analyzed. Finally, a conclusion and a set of recommendations are given. Top five casinos The top five casinos in 2010 according to a recent rating by Hotel By City include; Foxwoods Resort Casino Tropicana Casino Resort The Peppermill The MGM Grand Macau Over the past years, casino industry has witnessed a rampant growth on a global scale. The table below gives an illustration of the revenue generated for the period ranging from 2005-2010. Casino gaming 2005 (Amount in 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Revenue million $). 442.0 677.9 983.1 1,241.3 1,445.9 1,597.5 Change in Trade patterns Trade patterns have had a significant effect on the industry (Walker 11). For example, as a result of the 2008 economic crisis, there was a general reduction in the consumers’ disposable income (Walker 11). The situation was worse in oil importing countries due to increase in oil prices. As a result of the trade patterns, the industry suffered due to a reduction in the level of consumer confidence. There was a decline in revenue especially due to reduction the level of disposable income amongst in-state customers and out-of-state travelers (Walker 12). Most of the customers considered gambling as a luxury. Tourism is one of the economic sectors which contribute towards the growth of Casinos. This arises from the fact that casinos enhance tourism by promoting other industries such as the hotel industry. As a result of the economic recession, there was a reduction in the volume of tourism across the globe. This culminated into a decline in the volume of foreign exchange received from the industry’s ‘exports’ (Seung Harris 109). Industry analysis The casino industry has become very competitive as a result of changes in business environment. The table below gives a competitive analysis of the industry using the Porter’s Five Forces model.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Casinos Industry specifically fo r you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Porters Forces Description Intensity Barriers to Entry Government Regulations. There has been a decline in government regulation towards the industry in various counties. Some of the regulation relate to reduction in tax revenue (Walker 167). Very Low Buyers bargaining power There has been a change in consumer behavior with regard to casinos. Consumers are incorporating casinos in their consumption patterns. Despite the change in behavior, consumers have little bargaining power. This means that they do not have a significant influence on prices. Medium Suppliers bargaining power There are a number of private and public institutions which supply facilities for casinos such as gaming tables and machines. This makes the casino industry to be highly. Low Competition A large number of competitors are venturing the industry due to its lucrative nature. This has greatly influenced the distribution of casinos across the globe (Hoyes Maccinis 475). The industry is also facing competition from other industries such as the hotel industry. A large number of hotels and resorts are incorporating casinos as one of their new ventures. Very High Substitutes As a component of the gaming industry, casinos are facing an increment in the number of substitutes. This is evident in that consumers are adopting other forms of games such as lotteries, horseracing, slots and online gambling. The pricing of the games is attracting a large number of customers. High External Analysis There are a number of external factors which will influence casino industry (Cheong 2). For example, various governments are legalizing operation of casinos. One of the countries which have legalized the industry includes Singapore (Cheong 2). However, there are strict regulations which are aimed at controlling operations of the firms. The objective of the regulations is to ensure that the industry does not have a negative impact on th e society. In addition, technological innovation is also contributing to growth of the industry. The 3 core technologies supporting the growth of the industry include; New gaming devices Customer data mining Surveillance systems These technologies are aimed at attaining maximization of revenue and also to ensure that there is sufficient security (Schwartz 1). For example, it is expected that development of slot machines will contribute towards attraction of new customers (Knightly 4). Marina Bay Sands Casino The casino which is located in Singapore is expected to undergo a rampant growth in the next five years. The casino is undertaking a significant amount of investment to ensure the growth of the casino. The investment is aimed at improving the casinos infrastructure (Portmann 1). Construction of the casino is expected to generate an annual profit of $ 1 billion. Various facilities will be incorporated in the casino so as to attract customers (Sign 9). Some of these facilities i nclude night clubs, restaurants and shopping mall. The growth of the casino is also expected to arise from incorporation of the acquisition strategy (Sign 10). The firm is also diversifying its operation by not only focusing on foreign customers but also on the locals. Focusing on the locus will increase the firm’s profitability potential considering the volatile nature of the tourism industry. This will further be enhanced by the company’s incorporation of corporate social responsibility which will improve the firm’s publicity (Marina Bay Sands 1).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Through corporate social responsibility, there is a high probability of a large number of Singaporeans patronizing the casino (Marina Bay Sands 1). Growth of the firm will further be enhanced by the fact that competition within the Singapore casino industry is minimal. This is evident in that only two firms are licensed by the Singapore government to conduct casino business. Conclusion From the analysis, it is evident that the casino industry is expected to undergo a significant growth. Some of the factors which will contribute to the growth include increased legalization of casinos as one of the major games, the high rate of technological innovation and change in consumer behavior. Growth of the industry will contribute towards growth of the global economy. This arises from the fact that casino industry creates various jobs. Recommendations In order for casino industry to have a positive effect on the economy, it is vital for the following to be considered. The industry should be regulated to ensure that it does not influence the society negatively. Firms in the industry should incorporate emerging technologies such as e-commerce so as to attain a wide market share and at the same time increase their customer base. Cheong, Simon. Competition, casinos and the city: an entrepreneurs’ perspective. Singapore: Singapore Institute of International Affairs, 2005. Economy Watch. Casino industry.New York: Stanley St. Labs. 25 Oct. 2010. Web. Fun Casino Gaming. History and origin of Casinos.2010. 26 Oct, 2010. Hoyer, Wayne and Macinnis, Deborah. Consumer behavior. New York: Cengage, 2009. Knightly, Arnold. Global gaming report: casino revenue forecast to increase. Ras-  Vegas Review Journal. 3(2): 1-3, 2007. Web. Marina Bay Sands. Marina Bay Sands launches youth inspirational internship  program. 2010. 26 Oct. 2010. Web. OnlinecasinonTopic.com.Casino industry to reach $144 billion in 2011, 25 July 2007. 26 Oct. 2010. Web. Persson, Anna. Sustainable develo pment in rapid developing casino: destination:  The case of Macau. Hogskolan: University of Hogskolan, 2008. Print. Portmann, Kai. Despite success, Singapore casinos face political risk. Cologne: Deutsch Press, 2010. Web. Schwartz, Dave. Center for gaming research, 2010. 26 October 2010. Web. Seung, Chang and Harris, Thomas. Impact of reduced gaming exports on the economy of Nevada. Review of Urban and Regional Development Studies. 12(2), 109-119, 2000. Web. Sign. Marina Bay Sands: Singapore casino makes sure bet Harris digital signage. 4 Sept. 2010. 26 Oct. 2010. Web. Walker, David. The economics of casinos gambling. Florence: Butterworth- Heinemann, 2007. Print.

College Essay Myth Never Write a College Essay About Sports

College Essay Myth Never Write a College Essay About Sports You’ve probably heard the myth that you should never, ever write a college essay about one topic or another. Sports is one of the big no-nos. Who wants to hear about another come-from-behind winning game, right? But the fact is, as I related in my last blog, there are no good or bad essay topics, only good or bad essays. Luckily for you, I have obtained permission from my nephew to share his very good essay about – you guessed it – sports. Please read and enjoy – and notice why this college essay about sports stands above the rest. I’ll give you a hint: He has a sense of humor about himself. He relates his internal story a lot more than the external facts of the game. He comes full circle from the first paragraph to the last, with growth in between. And he writes about something he loves. (And in case you were wondering, he got into Northwestern University, UT Austin, and every other school to which he applied.) College Essay About Sports As a 4’9† high school sophomore, the first couple of weeks on the bench of the JV team brought me to the conclusion that my competitive baseball-playing days were over. In my initial despair, I longed for just one more chance. Ever since little league, baseball had been a part of me. Letting go of it mid-high school simply wouldn’t do. Then I remembered the time when I had filled in as an umpire at the little league where I grew up. The thought of watching baseball games for money, with my only job being to concentrate on each play and make a decision, was appealing. Umpiring wasn’t playing, but it was something, so I gave it another try. It was a few weeks into my new endeavor. The score was 15-0, top of the fourth, and it was already 9:20 p.m. Although there was no feasible way for the home team to win due to the five-runs-per-inning rule, all games were required to go four complete innings. Ugh. I want to go home. Hmmm, What if the pitcher were to throw a pitch that were even somewhat close to being a strike? It wouldn’t affect the outcome of the game, so could I maybe make an exception? No, that would be wrong. I can’t do that. In fact, since I am even thinking about this, my brain is probably going to expand the strike zone subconsciously, and therefore I should make a conscious effort to tighten it. Oh God, what am I even DOING? Umpiring was a bit more complicated than I expected. And, frustrating as it could be at times, I loved it. As an umpire, I constantly find myself lost in internal debates over my biases that I never experienced as a player. There are times when I realize, with some anxiety, that my decision agreed with what I had personally hoped would happen, or with a previous argument a coach had made, or with the latest grumblings of the fans. Although I generally consider myself fair, I have sudden crises, wondering whether I have committed the ultimate sin in umpiring: letting other people’s â€Å"calls† replace my own. I can usually convince myself that these instances are coincidental, but it’s still challenging to take in so much information from all sides about how the game is being perceived, and still be true to what I saw happen. As a player, one of my favorite parts of baseball had always been the mental game. I filled the â€Å"down time† that many others found boring with discussions and arguments with my teammates about strategy or rules. I have carried that aspect over into umpiring, mostly through discussions with coaches. Sometimes the most frustrating part of umpiring is when coaches accept my call without argument even though they don’t agree, saying â€Å"That’s ok, you’re the umpire.† Many umps would welcome this submission, but I find it even more offensive than being screamed at. Sometimes I talk to coaches between innings to further explain why I called what I did. These gestures are often appreciated, if not for my opinion, then for my attitude. The conversations are also far more mentally stimulating than the constant dispute the shortstop and I used to have over who should cover second base on a steal. I don’t wear a glove or swing a bat anymore, but I still consider myself a baseball player. I view the almost 100 games I’ve umpired as merely a position change. Although I have only made â€Å"great plays† by shouting my interpretation of what happened, and the pressure of the game is to perform mentally rather than physically, I now have the one more chance I desired. Even as I tower (albeit only by a few inches) over the players in size, and wear a different uniform, I feel more a part of each game than I ever have. So if you want to write a college essay about sports, go for it! And if you need help with how to say it, The Essay Expert is here to coach you. Check out our College Admissions Services page for more about what we offer and what others have to say about our services.

Academic development strategies for undergraduate students Thesis Proposal

Academic development strategies for undergraduate students - Thesis Proposal Example Meanwhile, studies have showed the importance of academic development programmes and activities towards the overall development of students for both academic and non-academic career orientations after graduation (Klassen, Krawchuk & Rajani, 2008). In the light of this, the need to keep researching into ways by which some of the most applicable and effective strategies can be incorporated in single schemes for academic development can be said to be necessary. When mention is made of incorporating strategies and abilities for academic development, there are some common theories, concepts and frameworks that commonly come to mind. These include collaborative learning, constructivism, and connectivism. This is because whether used individually or together, each of these three main concepts help in bringing together different strategies of learning aimed at developing students academically to have abilities necessary for both academic and non-academic careers after graduation (Robinson, L loyd & Rowe, 2008). At the same time Hattie (2009), posited that using academic research is one of the most powerful means by which components of collaborative learning, constructivism, and connectivism can be achieved under a common umbrella. Based on the identified problem and the background given to the problem above, the study will be conducted with the aim of using academic research as an interventional strategy for academic development among undergraduate students. In order to achieve this overall aim, the following specific objectives will be pursued by the researcher: Before pursuing the proposed study, the researcher came to the realisation that there are other existing researches that have focused on academic development strategies for undergraduates. However, most of these existing studies were limited to academic performance enhancement whiles undertaking graduate courses (Hoog, J., Johansson & Olofsson, 2005; Elliot & McGregor, 2001). The weakness with

How Horses Were Still Used In World War I Term Paper

How Horses Were Still Used In World War I - Term Paper Example How Horses Were Still Used In World War I This paper aims to establish this opinion that WWI hugely influenced human and animal interrelationships by the way horses were used in the war. It will also highlight different ways in which horses were used. Discussion will be supported with important research literature to assess the extent to which this opinion could be held true. History shows that cavalry units or warriors mounted on horseback formed an essential constituent of a military force. It is claimed that â€Å"the best horses were taken by the cavalry† (Breverton). The greater the number of horses, the stronger a military force was considered. This is before the vulnerability of animals to modern artillery was much of an issue. However, horses continued to be used in WWI because warfare was also going through important changes in this time period. Warfare used in WWI had not been used before, so not much was known by the combatants about the vulnerability of animals before machine guns or tanks. It should be remembered that this war changed the concept of armed conflict. This is because it represents a very important transition from the use of horses to modern artillery. WWI was started with cavalry forces, but the favor shifted from horses to machine guns over passing time. This shift also occurred because â€Å"supplying the fodder for ho rses and mules was a permanent problem† (Breverton). WWI marks a transition period in human and animal interrelationships.

Gender differentiation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Gender differentiation - Essay Example Throughout the years, gender is a sensitive and controversial topic of discussion as it borders from its political correctness to the personal opinions of different people. Gender is part of everyone’s lives, it is an important concept that everyone can relate to.One of the most promising aspects of sociological studies is in the realm of gender. Every other person is affected by this concept, whatever the gender of the person may be. Throughout the years, gender is a sensitive and controversial topic of discussion as it borders from its political correctness to the personal opinions of different people. Gender is part of everyone’s lives, it is an important concept that everyone can relate to. With this, gender has been associated with different aspects of differentiation within the society, whether it be on a micro-level, such as family responsibilities, to a more macro-level that impacts the society, like employment. This paper will explore the different relations of gender with the society. Gender plays an important role in the different aspects of the society. Gender, in fact, can direct changes to the norms of the society. Gender is not only significant in one’s personal identification but also an important aspect in one’s relation with the society, based mainly on cultural differences. Gender is related to the concept of sex although it is to be emphasized that they are not interchangeable with each other. Sex is more of a biological concept while gender is more of a social concept. The issue of gender identity has been more prominent nowadays as the world faces different social transformations. This can be seen through employment patterns and parenthood (Diaz-Andreu & Lucy, 10). Social identification and personal point of view on identity are important aspects of living. It becomes our mark on the world, and it becomes how we are known for. Although social identification is largely associated with the society, it has a bearin g in one’s personal view of identity. Knowing one’s gender or being identified in such manner is important on how one lives his life. Social acceptance of gender identities is also significant in the personal and social growth of an individual. This is where identity starts, on how one sees himself as seen by his community. This is an important aspect of developing personal growth, and since one’s personal growth affects the society, then it becomes an important aspect in the growth (or stagnation) of the social views of the community. Gender is an important concept in the social world. It shapes identities, not only of the individual but of the society as well. Gender affects how one views himself and other people. It is an important aspect in social interaction. Gender, in fact, shapes social interaction, depending on how one individual sees other people and how one behaves towards another. Gender also impacts social institutions as it creates new concepts and new social rules and practices significant enough to change the society’s perspective. Society and gender cannot be discussed without one another as one concept affects the other. This is an important note to be remembered as the study of gender develops. As one understands gender, one needs to understand the social world and vice versa. Both concepts develop within one another’s changes. Unlike before, gender is related more on the cultural perceptions rather than biological setup of an individual. Sexuality has evolved to a socially constructed concept. Gender is defined to be the psychological, social and cultural aspect of maleness and femaleness (Wharton, 6). This implies that socialization has a big impact on gender identification. The concept of gender is a process, it changes between the years of its study. Prior to recent developments, gender is closely related to the biological and social concept of sexuality. This shows that gender is not a fixed concept. I t varies from the cultural and social perspectives of its study. As it encompasses all individuals of all social structures, gender is a multilevel phenomenon (Wharton, 7). Social processes and social institutions both shape and are shaped by gender. The study of gender has opened the roads to the study of feminism. In fact, most gender studies are about females than males. But gender is not only

Impact of London Hosting the 2012 Olympics

Impact of London Hosting the 2012 Olympics â€Å"London 2012’s ambition is to create a Games for everyone, where everyone is invited to take part, join in and enjoy the most exciting event in the world† ( www.london2012.com ). This is a laudable aim for those who are charged with the responsibility for producing the Games in London. The aim of this study is to look at the potential impact of hosting the Games for Britain and how this reflects the ideology of those who are running it. In order to assess the potential impact of the Games on Britain, one needs to investigate the success or otherwise of other major sporting events that have been staged in the past. The most notable or should I say notorious failure in terms of the Olympics was the Montreal Games; Henry Aubin, a Canadian newspaper columnist commented that the Games had been â€Å"a financial disaster. There has not been a single successful legacy of the Olympics† (from Evening Standard, Nov. 2006). The event itself was poorly organised from the start, with the result that it took the organisers thirty years to pay for the Games in their entirety; this is something that Lord Coe and his team need to bear in mind. In more recent times, Olympic Games have been run much more efficiently and have left not only a financially positive mark, but also left a legacy in terms of facilities and economic benefits which reflected not only the efforts but the ideology of those who were in charge. In Barcelona the people of the city and indeed the Spanish nation as a whole were involved in the project. The organisers realised that they needed the wholehearted support of the people, particularly the citizens of Barcelona. Their attention to detail was very impressive, even down to inviting comments to be made about road improvements before going ahead with them to give the people a sense of ownership of the developments that were taking place. The ideology that is being reflected here is that the Games are for everyone and that all can have an active part in its ultimate success (or failure). The city already had a good deal that was positive about it before plans to hold the Games began, not least a hugely successful football team in Barcelona FC along with their impressive stadium. The organisers highlighted the need for urban redevelopment to provide better facilities for the people in terms of sport, leisure, art, media, housing and transportation. Their other concern was to develop the tourist trade by improving the overall image of the city and the surrounding areas. It was evident that â€Å"†¦there was a clear strategy for the post-event use of this area, which has subsequently become part of the city’s tourist attractions and as such, seems to have had a positive effect on the city† (Roche 2000, P 145). The philosophy was clear from the outset – the desire to provide an excellent Games to reflect well on the city at the same time as providing benefits for the people of Barcelona in the long term through redevelopment and through tourism. The organising committee commented that â€Å"the †¦ direct beneficiaries are the citizens of Barcelona whose surroundings have been immeasurably improved† (Roche 2000, P 144). This statement is borne out by the physical improvements that were left in the city; a new waterfront and residential area, a new international airport, two new skyline communication towers, six new sports stadia (with another being extensively refurbished), a new museum of contemporary art, a remodelled Catalonian arts museum and new media facilities. Roche (2000, P 144) concludes that â€Å"the social policy aim was successfully achieved through, among other things, the new sports facilities, transport and housing built in a deprived city area.† The aims of the organisers of the Manchester Commonwealth games were along similar lines, â€Å"to leave a lasting legacy of sporting facilities and social, physical and economic regeneration† (www.gameslegacy.co.uk). The ideology of the government and the local organisers was one of progressive development across a number of areas through sound investment, marketing, planning and implementation. The New East Manchester Partnership aimed to double the local population, to build new homes, to create a new town centre with a large area for retail provision, to create a business park and to construct a  £100 million sports complex with a 48,000 capacity stadium. The Sportcity complex includes the City of Manchester Stadium, the Regional Athletics Arena, the National Squash Centre, the National Cycling Centre, the Regional Tennis Centre, the English Institute of Sport and numerous hotels, bars, cafes, restaurants and a superstore. The benefits of this complex alone include  £1 51 million investment in sports and leisure- a large amount of which was secured from Sport England ( £165 million split between facilities construction and the provision for the athletes themselves), local people being involved in building the venues, community access guaranteed through targeted sessions at the venues, facilities being made available to local schools and clubs as well as people being trained as local sports coaches. â€Å"The transformational impact of Sportcity, in particular in re-positioning East Manchester as an attractive area to invest, would not have been possible without the Games† (Manchester City Council from www.gameslegacy.co.uk). Over the next fifteen years the area expects to attract in the region of  £2 billion of investment from both the private and public sectors as a direct result of staging the Games and enabling people to rediscover Manchester as both a business and tourist destination. Both of these events and the subsequent positive effects that have been seen and felt by the community and the nation have led there to be a drive to stage further large events either in the country or even in the cities themselves. These successful ventures have led to an increased desire for the ‘feel good factor’ that is generated to be sought again. The communities in both Barcelona and Manchester fully supported the events that were being staged, which was evidenced by the huge demand for tickets for both Games. Hence both Spain and the United Kingdom have bid to host subsequent major events, with London securing the 2012 Olympic Games. The reasons behind the London bid for the Olympics are many. The bid began with the vision of the British Olympic Committee who felt that following the success of the Manchester Commonwealth games in terms of planning and eventual delivery, a credible case could be made for London to host the 2012 Games. The Mayor of London and the government were encouraged to see the vision for the future of sport in the United Kingdom and â€Å"strategies were developed and deployed around regeneration, legacy, employment, tourism, new housing and health of the nation† (www.olympics.org.uk). The ideology that is displayed here is one of community, encouraging the nation to take part in a global sporting event just for the event in itself but also for the improvement of the nation in a number of ways; the kudos of running a global event would put the United Kingdom in the spotlight and potentially lead to foreign investment for the economic betterment of the country as a whole; the opportuni ties for employment both pre and post Games; the chance to enhance the lives of those in the East End of London through the provision of new housing and sports facilities as well as the regeneration of a very run down area of the capital; the opportunity to improve the health of the nation as a whole (particularly its children) through increased awareness of sporting opportunities provided across the country and through a better understanding of the need to eat a healthy diet. There is also the direct sporting legacy which will exist as a result of the provision of world class facilities which can be accessed by both elite athletes and the general public. The ideas could not solely be based on the sporting angle and had to be a multi-dimensional benefit package in order for the government to be willing to underwrite the whole venture. A successful Games would bring untold benefits not only to the capital but the country as a whole; Baroness Valentine eluded to this when she said â⠂¬Å"the 2012 Games offer a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to transform an exhilarating but rundown part of London and, most importantly, transform the lives of people who find themselves excluded from London’s booming economy† (Evening Standard March, 2007). Those who were opposed to hosting the Games focused on the negative experiences of the cities who had made huge losses in the past and the fact that the direct benefits would only be felt by those in London and the surrounding area (with the notable exception of the sailing venue). Many highlighted the ideological vision of inclusion and opportunity for all as being undermined by the way that little consideration had apparently been given to hosting more of the events away from the capital and the financial effect that this event might have on the United Kingdom as a whole. Glyptis (1989) comments that when looking back on major events such as the Olympics, â€Å"virtually all provision had been made on the basis of assumed need and assumed benefit† which was rarely backed by evidence. Pete Wishat, Scottish Nationalist Member of Parliament for North Tayside voiced concerns when he said â€Å"I am strongly opposed to the UK taxpayer underwriting the entire cost, regardless of what that cost my finally be – and particularly when there is a very real danger of the London bid soaking up lottery funding from Scotland and elsewhere in the UK† (Daily Telegraph December, 2003). The experiences of the problems with the Millennium Dome also loomed large in people’s minds with regard to the eventual use of the facilities that were proposed for the Olympic Park. They did not want to have a financial millstone around their neck. They also voiced their concerns over the legacy that would be left – how could guarantees be given with regard to not only the facilities but also the sporting legacy for elite athletes and benefits to the nation as a whole through increased participation? Supporters of the event held a different and ultimately successful view; â€Å"increasingly sports events are part of a broader strategy aimed at raising the profile of a city and therefore success cannot be judged on simply a profit and loss basis† (Gratton, Henry, 2001 P 36). The National Heritage Committee (1995) stated that â€Å"it is clear that bids to stage major sporting events†¦ can operate as a catalyst to stimulate economic regeneration even if they do not ultimately prove successful.† They drew upon the experiences of the organisers of the Manchester Commonwealth Games who were left with a superb legacy in terms of urban regeneration, better sporting facilities for all and increased employment opportunities. â€Å"The Games are a shot in the arm for the UK economy at this difficult time, offering jobs on the Olympic Park for the previously unemployed and millions of pounds worth of contracts for UK businesses† (John Armitt, www.london2012.com). T he lasting effects of a venture such as this can be seen above through the experiences of Manchester following the hosting of the Commonwealth Games. The Western Mail (2005) stated that â€Å"while other nations boasted of their ability to run a smooth Games, Lord Coe’s team told the world how much it would mean to the future of this country and the Olympic movement if London was given the opportunity to stage the 2012 Games.† Lord Coe continued the theme of legacy when he said â€Å"we’re serious about inspiring young people because they will be touched most directly by our Games† (The Mirror July, 2005). There is also the ‘feel good factor’ of improved mood and morale in the country which can never be underestimated, as was evidenced by the huge crowds for the parade held in London for the medallists from the Beijing Olympics – â€Å"even though they are not present at a sports event, millions may gain benefits of this nature from it† (Gratton, Henry 2001 P 31). Many more can be reached as a result of the influence of the media and the blanket coverage that an event such as this receives and this has been a factor which has made sport far more important to all nations in recent years (Houlihan 1997). This has the effect of â€Å"enhancing the market benefits to the cities† (Gratton, Henry 2001 P 37) in terms of business investment and tourism and it also enables millions to be inspired by the efforts of others to participate in sport themselves. Overall the evidence that is available covering recent major sporting events would indicate that there will be a positive legacy for both London and the UK as a whole in hosting this event, as â€Å"†¦the real value of the games comes from being associated with the Olympic image† (Burbank; Andranovich; Heyling; Rienner 2001 P1). The plans that have been drawn up for the urban redevelopment, the creation of employment opportunities, increased tourism as well as the benefits of increased participation in sport, alongside better facilities for the training of elite athletes should bring the legacy for which the organisers are hoping. They reflect the idea that there must be an investment in the future if there are to be long term benefits across a variety of areas for the benefit of the largest amount of people possible. The implications of hosting an event like the Olympics for elite athletes and the general public are enormous. The elite athletes need world class facilities in which to train and prepare for major events and â€Å"more recently the government has sought to narrow the focus of sport policy, giving priority to a more limited range of sports and concentrating on youth/school sport and elite development† (Houlihan 1997 P 46). This will have the dual effect of producing the elite athletes of the future, while providing for the people who are at the top of their chosen field now. This follows the idea that sport is for all and that all should be provided with the opportunity to fulfil their full potential. A glowing example of this effect is the success of the British Cycling team in the Beijing Olympics. Having been able to utilise the velodrome in Manchester (specifically constructed for the Commonwealth Games in 2002) as a training base and centre of excellence, their results in both the Olympics and the recent World Championships have been staggering. They not only reflect well on the government in terms of their investment but also in terms of the kudos that such results bring to the country as a whole. This in turn has brought a ‘feel good’ factor to the cycling community, to the city of Manchester where the team is based and has had an effect on the amount of people who are enquiring about participating in cycling. The investment in elite athletes who achieve success can have a direct effect on the numbers of those who are wishing to become involved with any given sport. Another spin off from this is the training and subsequent employment of coaches within sport to nurture the talent that is emerging as a result of increased participation. Increased funding to train coaches also has the effect of helping sport at the ‘grassroots’ level. The more coaches that are available, the more people can be involved in the enjoyment of their chosen activity as a part of the community – â€Å"community sporting capacity will be improved in a number of ways, such as training and development of volunteers, leaders and coaches†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (London 2012 Community Sports Legacy, www.sportengland,org.uk ). There is a chance to â€Å"provide excluded groups with opportunities for participation and inclusion† (Bradford MDC 1997). There is also the opportunity to increase the emphasis that is being laid on sport in schools and for the youth of Britain, in order to foster the idea of a healthy lifestyle in terms of both physical activity and the way that people regard their health. Media coverage of the event will also have the effect of keeping sport in the public eye in a positive way, highlighting the benefits of a healthy lifestyle and encouraging people to become involved in sport. They have a responsibility to continually highlight the facilities that are available, how to be able to contact the national organising bodies for each sport in Britain and the benefits of becoming involved in sporting activity.â€Å"The success of the Games will, in part, be measured by the increase in ordinary people taking exercise at new sports facilities†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Evening Standard 2007). Only long term study will reveal the full extent of the effect of the Games on sport as there needs to be a sustained long term effect rather than ‘a flash in the pan.’ Clearly the UK government and the organisers of the London Games hope that â€Å"the legacy of the Games will be twofold. Physically they will bequeath a redeveloped area in and around the Olympics site†¦ the Games are meant to deliver a more sporting nation†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Evening Standard 2008). The former will be much easier to assess in the short term – the latter will need to be looked at over the months and years following the Games. Bibliography Burbank, M; Andranovich, G. 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